Red deer
(Cervus elaphus)[] | |
|---|---|
| Species ID: | 3-4-33-779-15132 |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Cervidae |
| Genus: | Cervus |
| Conservation status: | LC - Least Concern (2015) |
| Global population: | 2,400,000 (2005) |
| Population trend: | Increasing |
| Links: | ADW / IUCN Red List / Wikipedia |
Subspecies[]
- C. e. atlanticus (Norwegian red deer)
- C. e. bactrianus (Bactrian/Bukhara/Bokhara deer/wapiti)
- C. e. barbarus (Barbary stag/Atlas deer)
- C. e. brauneri (Crimean red deer)
- C. e. corsicanus (Corsican/Sardinian red deer)
- C. e. hippelaphus (Central European/common red deer)
- C. e. hispanicus (Spanish/Iberian red deer)
- C. e. maral (Caspian/eastern red deer/maral/noble deer)
- C. e. scoticus (Scottish red deer)
- C. e. yarkandensis (Yarkand/Tarim red deer)
Physical Description[]
| Avg. length: | Males: 175 - 250 cm
Females: 160 - 210 cm |
|---|---|
| Avg. height: | 75 - 150 cm |
| Avg. mass: | Males: 160 - 240 kg
Females: 120 - 170 kg |
| Colors: | Reddish-brown, Greyish-brown, Dark brown, Ashy-grey, Tan, Buff (rump) |
Lifespan[]
| Avg. lifespan in wild: | 10 - 15 years |
|---|---|
| Avg. lifespan in captivity: | 20 - 27 years |
Reproduction[]
| Mating system: | Polygynous |
|---|---|
| Breeding season: | August - November |
| Mode of reproduction: | Viviparous |
| Gestation period: | 235 - 262 days |
| Avg. litter size: | 1 (max 2) calves |
| Parental care: | Female |
| Breeding interval: | 1 year |
| Maturity: | Males: 6 years
Females: 1.5 - 2.5 years |
Behavior & Ecology[]
| Activity: | Crepuscular |
|---|---|
| Sociality: | Parasocial |
| Avg. group size: | Max 50 individuals |
| Group ratio: | 1 : 20 |
| Movement: | Migratory |
| Avg. territory size: | 1554 km² |
| Elevation range: | 0 - 5,000 m asl |
| Systems: | Terrestrial |
| Diet: | Leaves, Shrubs, Shoots, Grasses, Sedges, Forbs, Berries, Fruits, Seeds, Flowers, Woody plants, Mushrooms |
| Predators: | Humans, Wolves & Dogs, Dholes, Bears, Leopards, Snow leopards / Lynx, Boars (calves) |
Habitats[]
Major[]
- 1.1 Boreal forests
- 1.4 Temperate forests
- 3.4 Temperate shrublands
- 4.4 Temperate grasslands
Suitable[]
- 6.1 Mountain cliffs and peaks
Marginal[]
- 14.2 Pasturelands
Distribution[]
Ecoregion range
Ecozones[]
Terrestrial Ecoregions[]
- PA0401 Appenine deciduous montane forests
- PA0402 Atlantic mixed forests
- PA0404 Balkan mixed forests
- PA0405 Baltic mixed forests
- PA0406 Cantabrian mixed forests
- PA0407 Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
- PA0408 Caucasus mixed forests
- PA0409 Celtic broadleaf forests
- PA0410 Central Anatolian deciduous forests
- PA0412 Central European mixed forests
- PA0416 Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
- PA0418 Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
- PA0419 East European forest steppe
- PA0420 Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
- PA0421 English Lowlands beech forests
- PA0422 Euxine-Colchic broadleaf forests
- PA0429 North Atlantic moist mixed forests
- PA0431 Pannonian mixed forests
- PA0432 Po Basin mixed forests
- PA0433 Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
- PA0435 Rodope montane mixed forests
- PA0436 Sarmatic mixed forests
- PA0442 Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe
- PA0445 Western European broadleaf forests
- PA0446 Zagros Mountains forest steppe
- PA0501 Alps conifer and mixed forests
- PA0503 Caledon conifer forests
- PA0504 Carpathian montane forests
- PA0507 Elburz Range forest steppe
- PA0513 Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
- PA0515 Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
- PA0520 Scandinavian coastal conifer forests
- PA0608 Scandinavian and Russian taiga
- PA0801 Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe
- PA0803 Central Anatolian steppe
- PA0805 Eastern Anatolian montane steppe
- PA0808 Gissaro-Alai open woodlands
- PA0814 Pontic steppe
- PA0818 Tian Shan foothill arid steppe
- PA1110 Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands
- PA1201 Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
- PA1202 Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
- PA1204 Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
- PA1207 Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
- PA1208 Iberian conifer forests
- PA1209 Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
- PA1210 Illyrian deciduous forests
- PA1211 Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
- PA1214 Mediterranean woodlands and forests
- PA1215 Northeastern Spain and Southern France Mediterranean forests
- PA1216 Northwest Iberian montane forests
- PA1218 South Appenine mixed montane forests
- PA1219 Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
- PA1220 Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
- PA1221 Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
- PA1222 Tyrrhenian-Adriatic sclerophyllous and mixed forests
- PA1305 Azerbaijan shrub desert and steppe
- PA1306 Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert
- PA1310 Central Asian northern desert
- PA1311 Central Asian riparian woodlands
- PA1312 Central Asian southern desert
- PA1330 Taklimakan desert